A hydrocolloids is defined as a colloidal system wherein the colloid particles are dispersed in water. A hydrocolloids has colloid particles spread throughout water, and depending on the quantity of water available that can take place in different states, e.g., gel or sol (liquid). Hydrocolloidss can be either irreversible (single-state) or reversible. For example, agar, a reversible hydrocolloids of seaweed extract, can exist in a gel and sol state, and alternate between states with the addition or elimination of heat.
Many hydrocolloidss are derived from natural sources. For example, agar and carrageenan are extracted from seaweed, gelatin is produced by hydrolysis of proteins of bovine and fish origins, and pectin is extracted from citrus peel and apple pomace. Other main hydrocolloidss are xanthan gum, gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, alginate, starchand and cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose.
Potential of Hydrocolloids
There are various and potential use of hydrocolloids worldwide. Among the usage and function of hydrocolloids’ end products as gelling agent, binding agent, emulsifier, stabilizer and water holding agent. Because of its functions, hydrocolloids is a must ingredient for a wide range of industrial usages, especially in food and beverages (F&B), pharmaceuticals, nutriceutical, cosmetic, surface coating, electronic, oil and gas and many others. The by-products can be further processed for production of, among other, pet food and bio-degradable plastic. The potentials and prospects of this industry are enormous with a current estimated world market value of more than USD3.0 Billion.
Through market research and realizing the vast opportunity and potential for seaweed downstream products, HALLOIDS has focused on the research and commercialization initiative in collaboration with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) through the Faculty of Science and Technology under Seaweed Downstream Research Centre (SDRC). The research centre and management activity is currently stationed at UKM-MTDC Technology Centre, Bangi, Selangor.
Impact on society
Economic growth thus far has been driven by factors of production, mainly investment, energy and labor. The shift to high income will need growth that is based on productivity and led by innovation. For that purpose, we had focused in research and commercialization activity to promote society which is driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, and supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labor. We will take possible positive initiatives aimed at transforming the continent's economy to become more prosperous, competitive and sustainable. HALLOIDS will ensure that the living standard as well as the quality of life of the local people continues to improve.
CMC
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. CMC was first prepared in 1918 and was produced commercially in the early 1920’s at the IG Farbenindustrie AG in Germany. However, since then, significant improvements in process technology, in product quality, and in production efficiency have been made. Today CMC of different quality is applied in many areas of industry and human life.
Application of CMC
CMC is used in food science as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions in various products including ice cream. As a food additive, it has E number E466. It is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as K-Y Jelly, toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing and various paper products. It is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is non-toxic, and is non-allergenic. In laundry detergents it is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution. CMC is used as a lubricant in non-volatile eye drops (artificial tears). In medical, CMC is used for skin and wound treatment.
CMC is also used in the oil drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud, where it acts as a viscosity modifier and water retention agent. Poly-anionic cellulose or PAC is derived from CMC and is also used in oilfield practice. Insoluble microgranular carboxymethyl cellulose is used as a cation-exchange resin in ion-exchange chromatography for purification of proteins. Presumably the level of derivatization is much lower so that the solubility properties of microgranular cellulose are retained while adding sufficient negative charged carboxylate groups to bind positively charged proteins. CMC is also used in ice packs to form a eutectic mixture resulting in a lower freezing point and therefore more cooling capacity than ice.
Raw Material for CMC
Carboxymethylation of cellulose is a widely studied conversion since it is simple and leads to products with a variety of promising properties. In general, the cellulose is activated with aqueous alkali hydroxide mostly sodium hydroxide and converted with monochloroacetic acid or its sodium salt according to the Williamson ether synthesis yielding the carboxymethyl cellulose derivative.
Cellulose constitutes the most abundant, renewable polymer resource available today worldwide. Cellulose is a polymer raw material used for two general purposes. For many centuries it has served mankind as a construction material, mainly in the form of intact wood and textile fibers such as cotton or flax, or in the form of paper and board. On the other hand, cellulose is a versatile starting material for chemical conversions, aiming at the production of artificial, cellulose-based threads and films as well as a variety of stable cellulose derivatives used in many areas of industry and domestic life. Empirical knowledge of dying cellulose fibers, of burning wood, of preparing charcoal, and of the biodegradation of cellulose by rotting was acquired already thousands of years ago.
Source of Cellulose
The primary occurrence of cellulose is the existing lignocellulosic material in forests, with wood as the most important source. Other cellulose-containing materials include agriculture residues, water plants, grasses, and other plant substances. Plant waste fiber can be decribed as lignocellulosics, ie. resources comprised primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Organic plant wastes such as oil palm, pineapple leaf, banana and coconut fiber are available in abundance and of limited value at present. These lignocellulosic byproducts could be a principle source of fibers, chemicals, and other industrial products. In Malaysia (2001), with such large area of plantation of oil palm (3.87 m ha), coconut (147000 h), banana (34000 h) and pineapple (15000 ha), large quantities of cellulosic raw materials are generated during harvesting. Pineapple leaf contained the highest percentage of -cellulose (73%) as compared to oil palm Empty Fruit Bunch (50%) and coconut fiber (44%).
Pineapple Leaf
The pineapple industry of Malaysia is the oldest agro-based export-oriented industry dating back to 1888. Though relatively small compared to palm oil and rubber, the industry also plays an important role in the country's socio-economic development of Malaysia, particularly in Johor. In 1997, the industry has contributed RM70.53 million to Malaysia's export earning.
Although pineapple can be grown all over the country, the planting of pineapple for canning purposes is presently confined to the peat soil area in the state of Johor which is the only major producer of Malaysian canned pineapple. In other states such as Selangor, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Negeri Sembilan, and Sarawak, pineapple are planted specifically for domestic fresh consumption. The pineapple leaf is left after the extraction of the fruits. Therefore, without much additional cost, the pineapple fibres can be obtained from the industry.
OBJECTIVES
• To extract cellulose from pineapple leaf
• To produce carboxymethyl cellulose from pineapple leaf based cellulose
PRODUCTION OF CMC
Harvesting and Cutting Pineapple leaves are obtained from the pineapple plant after the fruit is ripe and cut. The leaf is about 45 cm long and 4 cm wide.
Milling
The leaf is crushed in a smooth roller milling machine. Due to compression action, the moisture in the leaf is partially removed and the leaf is break into small fragments.
Cleaning and Storing
The fibres are brushed to remove the debris. The fibres are grouped together and are stored in a cool and dry place.
Extraction of Cellulose
Raw materials were treated with boiling water for 2 h. This treatment was repeated 3 times to remove the water soluble matter. Pulping through one-stage boiling involved the following steps: 1)alkali boiling (reflux) with NaOH at 120-130oC for 2h; 2) bleaching with HOCl for 2 h, at room temperature for 2 times and 3) Soda ash washing using sodium carbonate and Bleaching again as indicated above.
Carboxymethylation of Cellulose
The cellulose was added to ethyl alcohol followed by the addition of a calculated amount of sodium hydroxide solution (44.8%). The reaction mixture was mixed under stirrer condition at room temperature. After 30 minutes a calculated amount of monochloroacetic acid was added. The mixture was left overnight and kept at 60oC for 70 min. The excess caustic soda was neutralized and then filtered. The final product was purified by extraction in Soxhlet with 80% ethyl alcohol until free from salts.
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